- Tracking signal chain<\/a><\/strong><\/li>
- Hardware insert<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/li>
- Using Outboard Gear<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nWhat is outboard gear?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Back in the days, before computers and plug-ins, audio engineers used outboard gear (external hardware effects) to shape their tone and add effects. There are a few different types of outboard gear; preamplifiers<\/a>, dynamic processors<\/a> (like compressors), EQ\u2019s<\/a>, and effects<\/a> (delay, reverb, etc.). There are a variety of ways that you can route your audio through outboard gear. For example: Mic\/Instrument ><\/strong> Preamp > Dynamic processor > EQ > Time-based effects<\/strong>. One of the great things with outboard gear is that you can get creative with patching to find a unique sound.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nConnecting outboard gear<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The way to set up and connect outboard gear depends on the application. For example, preamplifiers bring microphone or instrument levels up to professional line level<\/a> (commonly known as +4<\/strong>), so they are most often used as the first step in the tracking signal chain<\/a>. Compressors and equalizers can be used either during tracking or afterward as a DAW hardware insert<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Alternating between tracking and hardware inserts typically means reconfiguring the connections with your audio interface. While this is just a minor inconvenience for home studio setups, larger studio configurations offer a less cumbersome process for rerouting so many connections. Patchbays<\/a> connect to all your gear, allowing microphones, DAW signals, and outboard gear to be patched from one another via the patch panel. Depending on your setup, you should have at least one extra pair of available outputs and inputs on your audio interface to send and monitor the signal from your outboard gear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nTracking signal chain<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Using outboard gear on the front end of the recording process is a great way to process signals in the analog domain. This type of setup is typically referred to as a channel strip, that offers a preamplifier, compression, and equalization in one unit. The idea is to process the signal before digital conversion<\/a> (A\/D)<\/em>. Doing so can improve transient clarity and create unique harmonic content that\u2019s present in the finished product. You always have the option to use hardware inserts<\/a> or apply plug-in processing once the audio is recorded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gain Staging<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When tracking with outboard gear, remember proper gain staging<\/a> and record with the appropriate levels at each gear \u2018checkpoint.\u2019 That means mics and guitars need to be pre-<\/em>amplified to line level before processing with a connected compressor or EQ (which expects line level)<\/em>. A common mistake is connecting a line-level signal into a preamp input on your interface, which can drive the preamp input into distortion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- Connect the microphone or instrument to a preamplifier<\/a>.<\/li>
- Connect the LINE OUT(s)<\/strong> from the preamp to the LINE IN<\/strong> of the next module.<\/li>
- Connect the output of the last module to a LINE IN <\/strong>on your mixer or interface.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
![\"Tracking](\"https:\/\/www.sweetwater.com\/sweetcare\/media\/2019\/05\/Tracking-Signal-Chain.png\")
<\/a>Tracking signal chain diagram. Click to enlarge.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n <\/div>\n\n\n\nHardware insert<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A great way to use outboard gear on audio from your DAW, you\u2019ll need to route it using a hardware insert. A hardware insert<\/strong> is essentially a plug-in that routes the dry audio out through your outboard gear and then back in. This type of setup is commonly used during the mixing process. It allows you to compare the unprocessed and processed signals (A\/B)<\/a> <\/em>without permanently altering the original track. Since there\u2019s no standard term for this, each DAW defines this differently. For example, Cubase lists it as an External Effect<\/strong>, Logic Pro calls it an Audio I\/O plug-in<\/strong>, and Studio One uses a plug-in called Pipeline<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hardware delay<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When using outboard gear on a hardware insert, remember to compensate for any audio delay. Since the signal has to be converted twice (D\/A<\/a> then A\/D<\/a>)<\/em>, there will be a short delay which can create latency and phasing issues. Some DAW\u2019s will automatically compensate for this delay. However, you may need to send a \u201cping\u201d or manually s et the delay compensation to align the original and processed audio. Refer to your DAW\u2019s user guide for specific instructions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- Connect an output on the interface to the LINE IN<\/strong> of the signal processor.<\/li>
- Connect the LINE OUT<\/strong> of the signal processor to a LINE IN<\/strong> on the audio interface.<\/li>
- Create a hardware insert channel or effects bus in your DAW and route the I\/O. For specific instructions on how to create hardware inserts and FX busses, refer to the DAW\u2019s user manual.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
![\"Hardware](\"https:\/\/www.sweetwater.com\/sweetcare\/media\/2019\/05\/Hardware-Insert-1024x470.png\")
<\/a>Hardware insert diagram. Click to enlarge.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n Printing processed audio<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Since mono hardware units can only be used on one track at a time, you may want to record (commonly called \u201cprinting\u201d) the processed audio to another track. This lets you keep separate a copy of the dry (original)<\/em> and wet (processed)<\/em> audio. Unless you print the effect, hardware inserts will only work during playback and are not permanent \u2014 unless you actually record them into the session. Use a send (or a track insert) to get the original signal to the outboard gear, and then use another track to record the signal returning from the outboard gear. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
![\"DAW](\"https:\/\/www.sweetwater.com\/sweetcare\/media\/2019\/06\/DAW-setup-THUMB-1024x564.png\")
<\/a>Example of how to route external gear in a DAW.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n <\/div>\n\n\n\nPatchbay connections<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Patchbays are typically found in recording studios and make connections to and from your audio interface, outboard gear, and microphones much more convenient. They work by connecting all of your equipment to one hub. You then physically patch the signal path into an external processor. The patchbay\u2019s most significant impact is saving you time rerouting connections when you want to change inputs or switch back and forth.
<\/p>\n\n\n\nPhantom power and patchbays<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When connecting to patchbays<\/a>, remember that phantom power<\/a> connections should not be broken as they can damage your equipment. Don\u2019t supply phantom power until everything is patched and connected, and don\u2019t disconnect anything until phantom power is turned off.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nUsing Outboard Gear<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Once your outboard gear is set up, it\u2019s time to start using it. The tips below will help you get started, but each piece of equipment is unique, so spend time learning how to best use it for any given application. For example, a preamplifier is used for boosting microphone or instrument signals during tracking. You can compensate for low level in your DAW, but what happens to the sonic characteristics with a high vs. low gain setting? What happens when you use different thresholds or ratios on a compressor? Consider these questions and more as you work with your equipment and develop your ears.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nPreamplifiers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Preamps are typically first in the tracking signal chain because they amplify low mic and instrument levels up to line level<\/a>. The amplified signal can then be processed by other gear and digitally converted by your interface for the DAW environment. Most preamps output line-level signal. The exception is in-line preamps (gain boosters) which also require phantom power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nDynamic processors<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dynamic processors alter the dynamic range<\/a> of the audio signal and are split into two groups; compressors\/limiters<\/em> and expanders\/gates<\/em>. Compressors<\/strong> and limiters<\/strong> both \u201csquash\u201d the sound, leveling out the dynamic range. Simply put, they make louder parts softer. An expander<\/strong>, on the other hand, works in reverse. Instead of reducing the dynamic range, it will increase the dynamic range by making louder parts louder. Gates eliminate the sound beneath a certain threshold, which is useful in noise reduction. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Most dynamic processors will allow you to change the following settings; Threshold, Ratio, Attack, and Release. The threshold <\/strong>is <\/strong>the level where the dynamic processor begins working. The ratio <\/strong>is how much change applies to the input. For example, a 2:1 <\/strong>ratio means that an increase of 2dB <\/strong>in input level will result in a 1dB<\/strong> in output. Attack <\/strong>controls allow how quickly the compressor starts working after the initial attack comes through, and Release <\/strong>is how fast the signal returns back to normal. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
- Sidechain compression compresses the input signal of one audio track dependent on the dynamics of the signal coming from another track. For example, you can compress a bass guitar using the kick drum as the input to the compressor\u2019s sidechain. This will duck the bass and allow the bass drum to come through more. It\u2019s also beneficial for ducking background music behind a voice when doing voice-over work.<\/li>
- Use a gentle 2:1 to 4:1 ratio for smooth leveling and a higher 10:1 to 20:1 ratio for controlling peaks or getting a squashed sound.<\/li>
- Stereo-linking compressors link their detector circuits and allow you to apply the same level of compression to both the left and right signals.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
EQ (Equalization)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
EQ\u2019s work by boosting or cutting a frequency or a range of frequencies in the audio signal. The most common types of EQ\u2019s available are Parametric, Semi-parametric, <\/strong>and Graphic<\/strong>. Parametric and semi-parametric EQ\u2019s allow you to adjust three parameters; Frequency<\/strong>, Gain<\/strong>, and Q<\/strong> (shape of the EQ curve<\/em>). You can choose four basic frequency shapes with parametric EQ\u2019s, as well, including bells<\/a>, shelves<\/a>, high-pass<\/a>, and low-pass<\/a> filters. Most graphic EQ\u2019s will only allow you to boost\/cut frequency range level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- Parametric EQ\u2019s are preferred during the mixing process for more accurate control over the frequency spectrum.<\/li>
- Experiment with the \u201csweeping technique\u201d to find troublesome frequencies buried in the mix. To do this, increase the Q<\/strong> on a frequency band and create a narrow peak. Slowly sweep back and forth through the frequency spectrum to listen to any frequencies that sound out of place and cut them as needed.<\/li>
- Use the Sweetwater EQ Frequency Cheatsheet<\/a> <\/strong>to help you identify where each instrument falls in the frequency spectrum!<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nReverb and Time-based effects<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Time-based effects like reverb and delay are commonly used to add more space and give character to a mix. While plates, springs, and tapes are still used today, digital multi-effects processors can do the job just as well. These are typically placed at the end of the signal chain. While you can get some unique sounds putting it first, you run the risk of muddying up the rest of the signal as you apply other processing. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
- Increase the delay (often called pre-delay) on your reverb before adjusting the decay for more clarity and a sense of more room.<\/li>
- Experiment using a delay instead of reverb. You can get a similar sound without the mix sounding too washed out.<\/li>
- Add compression to a delay on vocals. This will duck the effect making the track sound much cleaner.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
Analog summing mixers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Summing, in its purest form, is consolidating multiple tracks down to one stereo mix. For example, sending six drum tracks down to one stereo bus. When using an analog summing mixer, you send these stereo tracks out to your mixer, adjust the parameters, then send it through A\/D<\/a> conversion back into your DAW for printing. Check out these videos from our friends at Dangerous Music to learn more about analog summing!<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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- Use the Sweetwater EQ Frequency Cheatsheet<\/a> <\/strong>to help you identify where each instrument falls in the frequency spectrum!<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
- Connect the LINE OUT<\/strong> of the signal processor to a LINE IN<\/strong> on the audio interface.<\/li>
- Connect the LINE OUT(s)<\/strong> from the preamp to the LINE IN<\/strong> of the next module.<\/li>
- Hardware insert<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/li>